Monday, August 22, 2011

Vitamin K-2 - A Key Player in Cardiovascular and Bone Health

by Karen Lee Richards*


Vitamin K-2 has been tucked away in the shadows of the vitamin world for too long. Its significance to cardiovascular and bone health and its apparent link to the prevention of many other diseases make it too important to ignore.

Vitamin K - the least familiar of the alphabet vitamins - is a key player in cardiovascular and bone health. Originally scientists thought its only purpose was to promote proper blood clotting, but we're now learning that vitamin K plays a number of other important roles in the body.

The first clue to the existence of vitamin K came in 1929 when Danish scientist Henrik Dam set out to study the role of cholesterol. Several weeks after he began feeding chickens a cholesterol-depleted diet, they developed hemorrhages. When he could not stop the bleeding by adding purified cholesterol to their diet, he realized that along with the cholesterol, a second compound must have been removed from their diet.

Because of its effect on the blood's ability to clot, the newly discovered compound was dubbed the coagulation vitamin. Since the finding was reported in a German journal, the German spelling of “Koagulation” was used, which later led to the shortened version - vitamin K.

Building upon Dam's discovery, American biochemist Edward A. Doisy uncovered the structure and chemical nature of vitamin K. Their combined efforts were rewarded in 1943 when Dam and Doisy received the Nobel Prize for medicine for their work on vitamin K.

There are two naturally occurring forms of vitamin K: phylloquinone (vitamin K-1) and menaquinones (25-hydroxyvitamin Ditamin K-2).
  • K-1 is found in dark green, leafy vegetables like spinach, broccoli, kale and Swiss chard.
  • K-2 can be found in meat, egg yolks, and fermented foods like cheese and natto (Japanese fermented soy beans). K-2 is also synthesized naturally in the gut by microflora ('good' bacteria) fermentation.
Vitamin K2's Role in Cardiovascular Health

Research has shown that K-2 is the vitamin K form most beneficial for cardiovascular health.

A paper published in 2004 reported on The Rotterdam Study, which involved 4,800 people over a 10-year period. The researchers found that the increased intake of Vitamin K-2 reduced the risk of coronary heart disease mortality by 50%. Vitamin K-1 had no effect at all.(1)

Most heart attacks and strokes are caused when plaque builds up on the inner walls of the arteries. Eventually a section of plaque can break open, forming a clot which then travels to the heart resulting in a heart attack, or to the brain resulting in a stroke.

Standard treatment for patients at risk of a heart attack or stroke is usually aimed at thinning the blood so clots cannot form. Patients are instructed to take an aspirin every day or they are prescribed blood thinners like Coumadin or Plavix. The problem with those treatments is that, if the patient is injured, it may be difficult to stop the bleeding because the medications interfere with the blood's ability to clot.

Vitamin K-2 on the other hand, seems to be the body's natural mechanism for regulating the clotting factor.

Dutch Professor Cees Vermeer found that vitamin K inhibited clotting when blood vessels were intact - yet promoted clotting when the blood vessels were broken. Which is exactly how the body should work.(2)

Arterial calcification is a significant risk factor for atherosclerosis, heart attack and stroke. In the past, it was thought that this calcification was irreversible and signaled the end stages of cardiovascular disease. However, a 2007 study using rats found that diets rich in vitamin K actually reduced the arterial calcification by approximately 50%.(3)

Promoting Bone Health - Preventing Osteoporosis

Japanese women tend to have far fewer osteoporosis fractures than Western women. It is thought that their consumption of the popular Japanese food natto, which is high in Vitamin K-2, may have a lot to do with it.

A 1995 study in Japan compared vitamin K levels in the blood of 24 women who had osteoporotic fractures and 36 elderly women who had no fractures. While vitamin K-1 levels were virtually identical in both groups, Vitamin K-2 levels were twice as high in the group with no fractures compared to the group with fractures.(4)

Additionally, two very large studies also link vitamin K levels to the risk of osteoporotic fractures:
  • In the Nurses' Health Study, researchers followed more than 72,000 women for 10 years. The women whose vitamin K intake was in the lowest fifth of the group had a 30% higher risk of hip fracture.(5)
  • In the Framingham Heart Study, more than 800 elderly men and women were followed for seven years. Those whose vitamin K intake was in the top quarter of the group had a 65% lower risk of hip fracture.(6)
Other studies have demonstrated Vitamin K-2's ability to protect osteoblasts (the cells that build new bones) from self-destructing, while inhibiting the formation of osteoclasts (the cells that destroy bones).(6-7)

As we age, bone destruction tends to overwhelm bone building, but Vitamin K-2 can help slow down and even reverse that process.

Additional Benefits of Vitamin K-2

Diabetes - A 2010 Netherlands study followed more than 38,000 people for a decade and found that higher intake of vitamin K was associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Both vitamins K-1 and K-2 resulted in lower risk, but there was a stronger connection to the K-2. For each 10 mcg of Vitamin K-2 that was regularly consumed, there was a 7% reduction in risk.(8)

Cancer - German researchers studied more than 24,000 participants for 10 to 14 years. They found that those with the highest intake of Vitamin K-2 had a 62% reduction in the risk of lung cancer and a 35% reduction in the risk of prostate cancer. They also found that those with the highest intake of Vitamin K-2 who did get cancer experienced a 28% lower risk of dying from it.(9)

In another recent study conducted by the Mayo Clinic, researchers reported that the risk of developing Non-Hodgkin lymphoma was approximately 45% lower for participants whose vitamin K intakes were in the top 25% of the group.(10)

Need-to-Know Facts About Vitamin K-2
  • Vitamin K is fat soluble and should be taken with a meal containing fat.
  • There is no known toxicity even with high doses of vitamin K. An allergic reaction is possible, but rare.
  • Possible food and drug interactions:
    • Antibiotics. The use of antibiotics can reduce the body's ability to absorb vitamin K by affecting helpful bacteria. Long-term use may lead to a vitamin K deficiency.
    • Anticonvulsants. Anticonvulsants such as Dilantin, Lyrica, Neurontin and Topamax can interfere with the body's ability to use vitamin K.
    • Blood thinners. Vitamin K reduces the effectiveness of blood thinning medications and should not be taken if you are on a medication like Coumadin (warfarin) or Plavix.
    • Xenical, Alli or Olestra - The weight-loss medications Xenical and Alli and the food additive Olestra all prevent the absorption of fat, which also reduces the body's absorption of fat-soluble vitamins like vitamin K.
    • Bile acid sequestrants - Medications like Questran, Colestid and Welchol, used to reduce cholesterol, also reduce the absorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins like vitamin K.
Final Thoughts...

Vitamin K-2 has been tucked away in the shadows of the vitamin world for too long. Its significance to cardiovascular and bone health and its apparent link to the prevention of many other diseases make it too important to ignore.

You can purchase Vitamin K-2 at ProHealth.com


References:



3. Schurgers LJ, et al. Regression of warfarin-induced medial elastocalcinosis by high intake of vitamin K in rats. Blood. Vol. 109, No. 7: 2823-2831. 1 April 2007.

4. Kaneki M, et al. [Serum concentration of vitamin K in elderly women with involutional osteoporosis]. Nippon Ronen Igakki Zasshi. 1995;32:195-200.

5. Feskanich D, Weber P, Willett WC, Rockett H, Booth SL, Colditz GA. Vitamin K intake and hip fractures in women: a prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(1):74-79



8. Beulens JWJ, et al. Dietary phylloquinone and menaquinones intake and risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. April 27, 2010



* Karen Lee Richards is Lead Expert specializing in Fibromyalgia and ME/CFS, for HealthCentral's ChronicPainConnection (www.chronicpainconnection.com). Karen is co-founder of the National Fibromyalgia Association (NFA) and was Executive Editor of Fibromyalgia AWARE magazine for four years.

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Note: This information has not been evaluated by the FDA. It is general and is not intended to prevent, diagnose, treat or cure any illness, condition, or disease. It is very important that you make no change in your healthcare plan or health support regimen without researching and discussing it in collaboration with your professional healthcare team.
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